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Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Advance Access originally published online on January 20, 2009
The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2009 14(3):371-385; doi:10.1093/deafed/enn046
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Spoken Language Scores of Children Using Cochlear Implants Compared to Hearing Age-Mates at School Entry

Ann E. Geers

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, and University of Texas, Dallas

Jean S. Moog

Julia Biedenstein

Christine Brenner

Moog Center for Deaf Education, St. Louis

Heather Hayes

Washington University, St. Louis


  Abstract

This study investigated three questions: Is it realistic to expect age-appropriate spoken language skills in children with cochlear implants (CIs) who received auditory–oral intervention during the preschool years? What characteristics predict successful spoken language development in this population? Are children with CIs more proficient in some areas of language than others? We analyzed language skills of 153 children with CIs as measured by standardized tests. These children (mean age = 5 years and 10 months) attended programs in the United States (N = 39) that used an auditory–oral educational approach. Age-appropriate scores were observed in 50% of the children on measures of receptive vocabulary, 58% on expressive vocabulary, 46% on verbal intelligence, 47% on receptive language, and 39% on expressive language. Regression analysis indicated that, after controlling for the effects of nonverbal intelligence and parent education level, children who received their implants at young ages had higher scores on all language tests than children who were older at implantation. On average, children with CIs performed better on certain language measures than others, indicating that some areas of language may be more difficult for these children to master than others. Implications for educators of deaf children with CIs are discussed.

Correspondence should be sent to Ann Geers, 167 Rocky Knob Road, Clyde, NC 28721 (e-mail: ageers{at}earthlink.net).

Received May 20, 2008; revised December 2, 2008; accepted December 2, 2008


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