Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 8:3 2003
© 2003 Oxford University Press
Empirical Article |
Predictors of Reading Delay in Deaf Adolescents: The Relative Contributions of Rapid Automatized Naming Speed and Phonological Awareness and Decoding
University of East London
Institute of Child Health, University College London
University of Sheffield
University College London
Deaf readers often fail to achieve age-appropriate reading levels. In hearing children, two cognitive factors correlated with reading delay are phonological awareness and decoding (PAD) and rapid automatized naming (RAN) of visual material. In this study we explored the contribution of these factors to reading and reading delay in a sample of deaf students (N = 49, mean age 13 years) whose reading age (RA) was around 7 years. Although PAD performance was poor in the deaf students compared with RA-matched hearing controls, it nevertheless correlated with their RA. Whether tested in sign or speech, RAN was much faster in the deaf group than in RA-matched hearing controls but showed no direct relationship with reading level or reading delay. We conclude that in contrast to PAD, which is a factor in both deaf and hearing reading achievement, RAN may be only indirectly related to reading in deaf students.
This work was supported by a project grant from "Defeating Deafness" to Mairéad MacSweeney, Ruth Campbell, and Ann Parker. We thank Ann Parker and Sarah Ingham for their help in assessing communication and speech skills in deaf youngsters, Abe Sterne and Usha Goswami for use of their tests, and Mike Coleman for the development of appropriate software for analysis and testing. Finally, we thank the students, teachers, and support staff of all the schools involved for their active and enthusiastic collaboration. All correspondence should be sent to Ruth Campbell, Department of Human Communication Science, University College London, Chandler House, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1 N 1 PF, UK (e-mail: r.campbell{at}ucl.ac.uk)
Received February 15, 2002; revised June 3, 2002; accepted June 5, 2001
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