Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Advance Access originally published online on March 23, 2006
The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2006 11(3):273-288; doi:10.1093/deafed/enj037
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Concurrent Correlates and Predictors of Reading and Spelling Achievement in Deaf and Hearing School Children
Centre for Neuroscience in Education, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge
Psychology Department, Royal Holloway, University of London
Seven- and eight-year-old deaf children and hearing children of equivalent reading age were presented with a number of tasks designed to assess reading, spelling, productive vocabulary, speechreading, phonological awareness, short-term memory, and nonverbal intelligence. The two groups were compared for similarities and differences in the levels of performance and in the predictors of literacy. Multiple regressions showed that both productive vocabulary and speechreading were significant predictors of reading for the deaf children after hearing loss and nonverbal intelligence had been accounted for. However, spelling ability was not associated with any of the other measures apart from reading. For hearing children, age was the main determinant of reading and spelling ability (due to selection criterion). Possible explanations for the role of speechreading and productive vocabulary in deaf children's reading and the differences between the correlates of literacy for deaf and hearing children are discussed.
1 Before the effect of chronological age was statistically controlled, single-word reading and spelling ability showed a very similar pattern of relationships, whereby both were significantly associated with each other, speechreading, rime phonological awareness, and short-term memory. Sentence comprehension was significantly correlated with spelling ability and speechreading before the effects of age were controlled. Correspondence should be sent to Fiona E. Kyle, Centre for Neuroscience in Education, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, 184 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2PQ, England (e-mail: fek22{at}cam.ac.uk).
Received November 5, 2005; revised February 23, 2006; accepted February 27, 2006
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