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Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Advance Access originally published online on August 28, 2007
The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2008 13(1):117-137; doi:10.1093/deafed/enm042
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Phonological Awareness, Vocabulary, and Word Reading in Children Who Use Cochlear Implants: Does Age of Implantation Explain Individual Variability in Performance Outcomes and Growth?

Deborah James

Newcastle University

Kaukab Rajput

Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust

Julie Brinton

Institute of Sound and Vibration Research

Usha Goswami

University of Cambridge


  Abstract

The phonological awareness (PA), vocabulary, and word reading abilities of 19 children with cochlear implants (CI) were assessed. Nine children had an implant early (between 2 and 3.6 years) and 10 had an implant later (between 5 and 7 years). Participants were tested twice over a 12-month period on syllable, rhyme, and phoneme awareness (see James et al., 2005). Performance of CI users was compared against younger hearing children matched for reading level. Two standardized assessments of vocabulary and single word reading were administered. As a group, the children fitted early had better performance outcomes on PA, vocabulary, and reading compared to hearing benchmark groups. The early group had significant growth on rhyme awareness, whereas the late group showed no significant gains in PA over time. There was wide individual variation in performance and growth in the CI users. Two participants with the best overall development were both fitted with an implant late in childhood.

Correspondence should be sent to Deborah James, Institute of Health and Society, School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, King George VI Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK (e-mail: d.m.james{at}ncl.ac.uk).

Received March 21, 2007; revised June 21, 2007; accepted July 14, 2007


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